Introduction. For My Project On Critiquing An Epidemiology

Introduction: For my project on critiquing an epidemiology study I choose to do my project on second-hand smoking and how it affects other people than just the smoking population. The article I choose was Cigarette Smoking Associated with Lung Adenocarcinoma in Situ in a Large Case-Control Study (SFBALCS). The objective of this study was â€Å"designed to understand why nonsmokers are associated with Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), which is common cause of lung cancer in cigarette smokers† (Bracci et al.). Statistics show that 80 % to 90% of lung cancer cases are from smoking. â€Å"Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), formerly bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), is not so common subtype of lung adenocarcinoma and accounts for approximately 3% to 4% of lung†¦show more content†¦They only included five counties that were located within the Bay Area which is limiting their data. By not having this part of the study so restricted it will open many other variables that are not included in the study now. Another weakness in the study is that they did not include genetic variations and susceptibility for BAC which is an important factor. With this information, it can show which people in the control and case study already have BAC in their family history which can show us the cause for why they already must disease or who will likely develop the disease later. From this information, they could have explored another direction with the AIS patients which can show us that cigarette smoke may have not been the cause of the disease developing. They also decided to not use survival biased in their study which has a big impact on their study. The reason for that is because they are just if AIS patients have good prognosis, there is no need to include survival rate. If you are conducting a study on a disease you show still include the survival rate because people can still death from this disease, even if the rates may be low. Strengths: Overall this case-control study had some good strengths which allowed the case study to successful in the aspects that it mainly covered. Overall the case study wanted

The New Me vs the Old Me - 2379 Words

My upbringing and experiences in life have shaped me and made me who I am today. I am defined by my troubles in the past, my family, my education, my goals, and money. A lot of things have happened in my life that put me where I am today. I have been through an abusive family, exposed to inappropriate things, had run-ins with the law, and experienced a lot of things in my life. There are so many interesting stories in my life such as the time I was taken from my parents because of abuse and how my life changed from there. I feel these stories I have to tell will inform people of who I am and what shapes me. I lived in Texas for ten years before being taken from my parents and put in foster care due to abuse. Texas is very busy and big,†¦show more content†¦I am only twenty and I don’t need any kids right now. My life without having any kids is so much easier. I don’t have to worry about spending a lot of money for food, clothes, and diapers. After I graduate college and get a good paying job I will settle down, get married, and have kids. The way we are raised and the way we grow up will determine the path we choose on sexuality. I have had several experiences and troubles that shape me today and how I view life. I first started getting into trouble in elementary school. Elementary school was a difficult time period for me because I was going through problems at home and I was being switched to different schools every few months. As I stated above, I would act out and misbehave in school by being rude to teachers and my classmates all the time, especially one girl I didn’t like at all. She was always mean and acted like she was better than everyone. I didn’t like that so I would do things to her I thought was hilarious. For example, one day, during arts and crafts, we were making collages with glue and colored construction paper. She was making fun of me and embarrassing me so I waited until she got up to go to the bathroom. When she did, I went to her desk and poured a bottle of glue in her chair. She came back and sat right down in the glue and it got all over her pretty red dress. It was fun ny to me at the time. I would do things like that all the time and the consequences were not good. MyShow MoreRelatedDevelopmental Psychology : The Stages Of Development1191 Words   |  5 Pagesabout 12 months. It’s called Basic Trust vs. Mistrust. This phase relies wholly on the mother and father’s parenting skills. Since this is an unfamiliar world to the infant, it’s part of the parent’s job to provide stability and constant care to build a sense of trust with the child. Like most of us, I cannot remember my early childhood years, but I know my mother and father were very attentive to me as an infant. Since I am the first-born, I was something new and special to my parents. 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Marketing Mix free essay sample

Author note with more information about affiliation, research grants, conflict of interest and how to contact SWOT Analysis of Botox SWOT analysis Strengths: †¢ Allergan has the possibility for dominance on several niche markets because of the uniqueness and appeal of their product. †¢ The main consumers of the product Botox are celebrities from many fields, which include actors and television artists. Thus, the element of celebrity endorsement is a great advantage. Facial beauty is a major concern in the modern world and the ability of a product to remove wrinkles and black marks on the skin will likely work as an element of strong attraction for customers. Botox also cures migraine, constant neck and back pain, extreme sweating, and possible convulsive disorders. These are major attraction for enticing customers to the product. The appeal becomes all the more significant because the consumers will think of it as a panacea for countering various ailments. There are many reasons why company decided to sell its product in international market. The prospect exists to sell Coca-Cola worldwide, because Coca-Cola is a product which can be used by everyone irrespective of age and gender, all over the world. Marketing globally demand the company to have a marketing team in line with a countrys consumers so effective sales can be made and good relations with the abroad key employees can be maintained (Arthur A. Thompson Jr. , A. J, 2005). This paper contains an analysis of the marketing mix and promotional mix strategy of Coca-cola adopted in the Philippine setting. I chose the product because it is one of the largest and well-known beverages in the world. The rapid growth and the company’s image in the market impressed me and pushed me to discuss the topic. MARKETING MIX OF COCA-COLA Marketing is the art and science of selling. Ingredients for a good marketing (according to Philip Kotler) are the 4P’s: product, price, promotion and placement. An effective marketing program combines harmoniously all elements of the marketing mix. Marketing mix is the main instrument of the company for obtaining strong positioning on the concerned markets. A. Product Product refers to more than just physical objects or goods that you can own and take home. The authors of the paper: â€Å"Marketing. Explanatory Dictionary† (Florescu, et al. , 2003, p. 537) define product policy as a decision adopted by manufacturing or commercial companies regarding the size, structure and evolution of the range of goods and services (Lefter, et al. , 2006, p. 375, 405). Product policy is often compared with â€Å"the heart of marketing†. It has a direct connection with the other elements of the marketing mix. Coca cola is the leading provider of soft drinks not only in the Philippines but also around the world. In 2010, it not only had no. 1 selling soda with regular Coke, but its Diet Coke brand outpaced Pepsi for second billing. It has a number of brand variants, including Minute Maid, Royal, and Sprite. The company also produces fruit juices, mineral water, and sports drinks. Another aspect is its packaging. Coca cola offers variety of its products ranging from small (300 mL) to upsizes (1. 5 to 2 liters), depending on the consumer’s needs. Packaging also promotes the product and distinguishes it from the competition. B. Price Price is a market instrument and an index of the economic and social reality. Price is the only marketing mix variable which leads to profits, the others are generating only expenses and investments. Price is a very flexible element of the mix and it can be changed rapidly, unlike the product characteristics and the placement activity. Price is very important part of marketing mix as it can affect both the supply and demand of Coca cola. The price of Coca cola products is one of the important factors in customer’s decision to buy. The main objective of the price strategy is to make a product economical to everyone and not spending too much for a drink. Its long term pricing strategy is to maintain its affordable price which really appeals to the vast middle class market. Coca cola sets a price that is attractive to the customers but provides a good level of profit. Prices of Coca cola start at 10 pesos to 50 pesos per bottle. C. Placement Placement’s role is to assure the necessary balance in the market primarily between demand and supply and between producers and consumers. Another role of the distribution is to streamline the buying – selling processes. The concept of placement means getting products to customers in strategic way. Coca cola’s distribution process is a key element of its success. The company products are available in cans and bottles in supermarkets, retail stores, and vendo machines. Additionally, the company provides supplies for drinks in many restaurants all over the country. The ease and convenience of getting to the product is important to customer’s loyalty. D. Promotion In today’s competitive environment, effective communication with the target market is essential for a business to succeed. Promotion is another marketing mix designed to inform the people about the product. It is also used to persuade the customers to try a new product, or buy more of an old product. Coca cola invest millions of dollars a year in advertising and promotions to maintain its position in the industry. The Coca-Cola Company has launched â€Å"Open Happiness†, an advertising focuses building on the award-winning â€Å"Coke Side of Life† campaign. The new tag line, seen in this series of print advertisements, will serve as a platform for all integrated marketing for the Coca Cola brand around the world, tying together the pleasure of opening up a drink and the satisfaction of sharing with others. This campaign invited people to refresh, despite the difficulties and stressful situations every day, with a Coke and continue to enjoy the simple pleasures of life. Through this, Coke enables the customers to view the product as part of their daily life. Advertising through television, radio, print media, and internet are great ways of Coca cola in promoting their products. Although advertising is usually very expensive, it is the most effective way of looking for potential customers of Coca-cola products. PROMOTIONAL MIX Promotion is all about communication. It is the way businesses make their products known to their customers. The main goals of promotion are to ensure that the customers are aware of the existence of a product, to persuade them that their product is a lot better than the competing product, and encourages the customers to buy or avail the product. It is important to know that businesses used more than one method of promotion which is referred to as the promotional mix. Coca cola uses integration of the different promotional mix to meet the requirements of all target customers which turn into a gateway to success. The following are my analysis of the different promotional strategy they utilize. A. Advertising Coca cola mainly does national advertising, an aggressive advertising targeting a large audience. They introduce different themes and concept to introduce and advertise their own product. They use big names in the showbiz industry as the brand ambassadors of the company. They also created catchy and memorable slogans for many years. With this, they build brand image and awareness. Commercial advertisement on television of the product focuses on friends and family relationship, showing their strong bonds with Coke. Since these values are part of our culture, Filipinos immediately catch up to it. The presence of Kathryn Bernardo, Julia Montes, and Enchong Dee, as well as, Santa Claus every Christmas, makes the product more appealing to people especially young and teens. The company’s print advertising includes posters, stickers, billboard, and hoardings, even in magazines. They have many sites around the country for their billboards. Printed advertisements are usually found beside roads, buildings, supermarkets, stores, walls, and buses. As well as, coolers, freezers, and display racks. For permanent satisfaction of consumer’s needs, Coca cola has to maintain the high standards and high quality of its products. Over the time, Coca cola spent millions of dollars developing and promoting their brand name, resulting in worldwide recognition. Coca cola’s red and white colors and special writing are examples of its trademarks. B. Direct Marketing For direct marketing, Coca cola has partners with different restaurants, movie theatres, and other company to carry its product. When a customer asks for a drink, the only brand they can offer is Coke, which reminds them of the product and forces them to consume it. By doing this, the restaurant keep in purchasing the product over and over again. Examples are Jollibee, McDonalds, KFC, etc. Coca cola also sponsors different activities especially with sports. C. Internet Marketing Coca cola also uses the internet to promote its product. The company has their own website (www. cocacola. com. ph), which enables the customers to navigate and explore on the different sections of the company. The company also uses various social networking sites like Tweeter, Facebook, and Youtube to connect with their customers. This kind of marketing helps the company to reach every people around the world. D. Sales Promotion A sales promotion is an activity that is implemented to boost a service or product temporarily. Coca cola does sales promotion by tying up with Bench in their â€Å"Share Happiness Wear Happiness Promo†. Another is under the crown schemes like â€Å"Sarap Under the Cap Promo† which in every purchase of selected coke products a customer can have a chance to win free meals or discounts in Jollibee. Getting limited Coca cola items in exchange of Coke crowns or cap is also a way of promoting. By having partnership with different companies, Coca cola increases their sales. E. Public Relations Word of mouth can also be an advantage for the company. When a student purchase a new product of Coca cola and enjoys it, he can tell others about the new product and the benefits of it. This will encourage others to purchase the product too, resulting to increase sales. F. Personal Selling The company hired professional individuals responsible in communication, selling, and building good relationship to its client or prospective client. Each person will be assigned to a particular region or place and promote their product to different customers. These people maintain their relationship with their customers for continuous business with them, thus building goodwill to the company. EFFECT OF MARKETING STRATEGY OF COCA COLA The Coca cola is one of the recognizable brands around the globe. It is widely regarded as one of the booming organizations achieving huge branding success. The company focused on building brand that is instantly recognizable and highly appreciated in costumer’s mind. Today, Coca cola is a corporation with strong brand identity and image. Strong brand image of Coca cola is achieved through consumer’s loyalty. This loyalty entails the purchase frequency that is improved by effective advertising and marketing strategies. The â€Å"Open Happiness† slogan helps the company attract more consumers as it gives them the idea of â€Å"living positively†. Filipinos consider Coca cola as part of their daily lives – in every meal, at school, at work, and special occasions. In conclusion, Coca-Cola is a successful product, not only because it has built a recognizable logo and brand name, but mostly because it has managed to position its brand in the market. In doing so, it achieves to develop a brand personality and distinguish itself from competition, while offering consumers a clear view of its brand values. This leads to increased brand loyalty and satisfaction.

The Financial Crisis

Introduction Even though many intellectuals held that deregulation, poor supervision, lack of liquidity, casino banking, and Gaussian copulas are some of the factors that caused the financial crisis, failure to view the crisis from a multilateral perspective further heightened the situation. This is evident from the roles that international governments like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the European Union (EU) play.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Financial Crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, risk management within the banking industry did not have to stop within the UK. In addition, managing the risks ought not to have been left solely to the bank employees and management. For proper risk mitigation, all stakeholders ought to have learnt all the possible risks that may occur in the sector. In this line, the financial institutions would have distributed the risk to all th e stakeholders. Instilling financial literacy in stakeholders only could have been a positive move towards risk management strategies. On the other hand, some risks are extremely complex, thus may require the attention of expertise or technocrats. This may be absent in some stakeholder, hence making collaboration difficult. Having been used in the implementation of Basel II Accord, collaboration allows specialists to devise their own risk management approaches (Who was responsible for the financial crisis? n.d.). With this nature of approach to risk management, all stakeholders need to acquire basic financial literacy. Notably, creating a network of risk managers eliminates unknown risks, popularly referred to as Black swans. Moreover, the network enables individuals to question assumptions in the risk management process, avoid overreliance and belief on models, as well as impart skills to distinguish between predictable and unpredictable risks. For proper risk governance, individua ls must interrogate the validity of the rules put forward for implementation; this eliminates instances of failure in managing risks. Banks might have had limited resources to recognise the extent of the financial risks. The involvement of many players in the management systems of banks makes it out rightly difficult to blame banks for the financial crisis. The intertwined system makes it difficult for banks to act outside the outlined frameworks. To manage such financial crises effectively in future, there is need for wider responsibility using the concept of knowledge supervision. Therefore, the United Kingdom’s government and international governments are also to blame for the failure of risk governance.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They ought to have involved expertise in the entire process, as well as trained all stakeholders on financial literacy ( Who was responsible for the financial crisis? n.d.). In essence, risk management requires a collective approach to avoid massive financial catastrophes. Risk Management Process The consequences of the financial crisis have made banks and other financial institutions to employ stringent measures of managing risks. However, the stern measures lacked strong implementation forces, as well as a centralised point to coordinate the entire process. Risk identification and categorisation use modelling, brainstorming, interviews, and analysis of project plans and different scenarios as key methods. After identification of risks, evaluation and ranking occurs in order to prioritise risks for management and effective allocation of resources in any sector. Under risk management, there are four key stages irrespective of the sector of application. Risk awareness, assessment, evaluation, and absorption are the four stages of managing any form of threat. In the banking industry, risk management rem ains the best option to curtail possible financial scarcity. If the banks could have understood the liquidity issues and the need for effective regulation, they could have put up necessary measures to curb the eventual financial meltdown. From the manner in which the banks dealt with the situation, it is evident that lack of unrivalled coordination was absent. Under risk awareness, identification of possible risks that can affect the banking industry is examined. After proper risk awareness or identification, it becomes easy to assess all the sources of such risks. In this stage, each risk receives a specific assessment procedure to ascertain its level of influence in case it occurs. The uncertainty perspective approach is the most preferable approach in the risk identification segment given that it does not only determine all possible sources of threats, but determines also all possible sources of positive risks or opportunities. With increasing changes in the banking industry, the re are always unrelenting follow-ups and frequent updating of the identification lists as per the knowledge and comprehension of the business atmosphere. If the approach could have been applied, the financial crisis could not have occurred.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Financial Crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Risk assessment helps firms to group risks according to their severity. The process helps financial strategists to prioritise risks as per their occurrence probability, as well as address uncertainty through effective decision-making. After risk assessment, vivid evaluation and estimation in terms of the probability of occurrence and consequence take place. Here, a clear comprehension on the major effects of the risks on the operations of financial institutions is imperative. Evaluation and ranking occurs in order to prioritise risks for management and effective allocation of reso urces. The financial institutions ought to have evaluated all possible causes of financial crises, as this would have made it possible for the sector to absorb all the risks, which led the country to one of the worst financial crisis. In risk analysis within the banking industry, remedies like holding greater amounts of capital reserves in terms of liquidated assets could have minimised the extent of the crisis. Notably, the entire risk management process requires the inclusion of several numbers of actors; the actors should have sufficient skills in financial operations. This could have ensured that there is complete accountability and authority, shared responsibility, interdependence, and coordination of government’s roles. Shareholders, customers, government, and SMEs have close tie with banks; these stakeholders ought to have adequate knowledge on bank operations in order to be in a position to avert such disasters (Who was responsible for the financial crisis? n.d.). In the case of stakeholders, there are voluntary and involuntary groups. For instance, the government can set boundaries for its financial institutions to follow in their operations. This did not occur at the time of the crisis. Since no single stakeholder can provide knowledgeable supervision on banking risks, the entire group of stakeholders ought to have taken full initiative of providing supervisory duties to the banking industry. Moreover, a systematic approach to managing risk as opposed to event-focused approach works well for the banking industry, as the former involves monitoring of signals, making use of existing knowledge, instead of searching for the unpredictable aspects.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though financial institutions had put in place some risk management strategies to curb the crisis, less was done to move the whole process to completion. This made the risk management process ineffective, thus failing to address the crisis. Conclusion In essence, the government’s coordination role, shared responsibility, interdependence, and authority versus accountability are the basic principles in controlling the occurrence of financial shocks in an economy. International governments and financial institutions, such as banks have to understand that financial literacy has to cut across the masses in order to support risk governance using both the old and new models. Since the society establishes the boundary of bank operations, it remains vital that knowledge supervision should be part of the society and those within the banking industry. The crisis required a collective approach to avert its massive effects on other sectors of the economy. Reference Who was responsibl e for the financial crisis? n.d.. This critical writing on The Financial Crisis was written and submitted by user Kimber A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.